There are many ways to learn a new paper, or a new concept or a new book.
For me , the method is pretty straightforward. I need understand them, then I can say I know them.
How to understand a new concept, or a new paper, or a new book?
1. Read something general about them. The something means easy, simple introduction. Or have a quick reading about the paper or the book.
2. Mark the new word you do not understand.
3. Make an analysis: how many new words? new concepts? They are the elements you should learn and fully understand. Because authors or inventors want to use them to construct their system/world. If you do not know or understand these elements, how can know more about the final building (the book or paper, or a new concept)?
4. Trying to connect your old knowledge to these new words. Why they are created? What is new?
How is different from the old? Remember, nothing is totally new. There is always something old you know inside, if not all.
5. Learn to use all these new elements to build something new. And compare to the authors' results. See if you can do something they already did. If not, probably you do not understand it at all or just part of it.
6. Empty yourself. Do not think it does not work, or why it is so hard to understand. The new concept must be meaningful if they appear in this world. DO NOT let your brain being lazy and brand new. Otherwise you will be left behind by the world.
Wednesday, May 29, 2013
理解的学习方法
只有蠢材才会死读书，只会死记硬背。只有理解学习，才能说是聪明人。 要知道，新东西，新概念必然是有原因的。不明白它的来龙去脉和它的意义，只会人云亦云，不是蠢材就是白痴。或者说，不理解新事物，你就是白活了！！！！！！！！！
理解，如果对于新事物完全没有概念，就要想办法用你看过的，听过，做过的，日常生活里的事物去联想，去理解。简单说，这个时间，这个地点，为什么要提出这个概念，有什么用？和什么能类比？它是怎么构建这些概念的？又是怎么用这些概念去构建一个新世界，用什么规律去构建？？
人们常说，理解是记忆的第一步。在日常生活和工作中，经常有许多事物应该记住却没有记住，其原因往往是由于只注意枝节，而忽略了对本质的理解造成的。
由于理解是记忆的前提和基础，因此，理解是最基本、最有效记忆的方法。正如格言所说：“若要记得，必先懂得。”
一句口号是：“要理解，不要死记硬背！”这里所说的思考，首先也是指理解。
什么叫理解？？
个体运用已有知识、经验，以认识事物的联系、关系直至其本质、规律的思维活动。比如，弄清一个科学概念；了解课文的词句、段落大意及全文中心思想；明确公式、定理、法则的内在关系等，都称为理解。
科学概念、范畴、定理、法则和规律、历史事件、文艺作品等，都是有意义的。人们记忆这类材料时，一般都不采取逐字逐句强记硬背的方式，而是首先理解其基本 含义，即借助已有的知识经验，通过思维进行分析综合，把握材料各部分的特点和内在的逻辑联系，使之纳入已有的知识结构，以便保持在记忆中。
关于理解的实质，各派心理学家持有不同见解。
格式塔学派认为，理解是”原始智慧的成就”的表现，不承认经验在理解中的作用，因而把理解归结为”顿悟”即突然贯通。
巴甫洛夫学派认为，学习就是形成暂时联系，暂时联系就是联想，就是获得有关事物关系的知识。当进行新的学习时，利用已有知识和已获得的诸联系领悟新事物，这就是理解。
认知学派认为，个体在认识过程中，把新事物同化于已有认知结构，或是改组扩大原有的认知结构，把新事物包括进去，这样的心理活动就叫理解。
凡是理解了的知识，就能记得迅速、全面而牢固。不然，若是死记硬背，那真是费力不讨好。
理解学习方法的运用步骤是：
一、了解大意当您记忆某个事物的时候，首先要弄清它的大致内容。拿读书来说，先要通读或者浏览一遍，如果是记忆音乐，先要完整地听一遍全曲。了解了全貌才能对局部进行深刻的理解，这也就是“综合”。
二、局部分析对事物有了大致了解后，就要逐步深入分析。比如对一篇论文，要弄清它的论点论据，根据结构分成若干段落，逐个找出主要意思，也就是要找出“信息点”，加以认真分析、思考，以达到能编制文章纲要的程度。
三、寻找关键也就是韩愈在他的《进学解》中所说的“提要钩玄”。找到文章的要点、关键和难点，并弄明白，牢牢记住。只有在此基础上，才能理解和记住其比较次要或者从属的内容。正是“万山磅礴，必有主峰；龙衮九章，但挈一领”。
四、融会贯通就是将所理解和记住的各种局部内容，联系起来反复思考，全面理解。这样更有利于加深记忆。
五、实践运用所学的东西，是否真正理解了，还要看在实践中能否运用。如果应用到实际工作中就“卡壳”，那就说明并未真正理解。真正的理解是有具体标准的。一是能够用语言和文字解释，一是会实际运用。在实际运用过程中，会继续深化理解。
理解，如果对于新事物完全没有概念，就要想办法用你看过的，听过，做过的，日常生活里的事物去联想，去理解。简单说，这个时间，这个地点，为什么要提出这个概念，有什么用？和什么能类比？它是怎么构建这些概念的？又是怎么用这些概念去构建一个新世界，用什么规律去构建？？
人们常说，理解是记忆的第一步。在日常生活和工作中，经常有许多事物应该记住却没有记住，其原因往往是由于只注意枝节，而忽略了对本质的理解造成的。
由于理解是记忆的前提和基础，因此，理解是最基本、最有效记忆的方法。正如格言所说：“若要记得，必先懂得。”
一句口号是：“要理解，不要死记硬背！”这里所说的思考，首先也是指理解。
什么叫理解？？
个体运用已有知识、经验，以认识事物的联系、关系直至其本质、规律的思维活动。比如，弄清一个科学概念；了解课文的词句、段落大意及全文中心思想；明确公式、定理、法则的内在关系等，都称为理解。
科学概念、范畴、定理、法则和规律、历史事件、文艺作品等，都是有意义的。人们记忆这类材料时，一般都不采取逐字逐句强记硬背的方式，而是首先理解其基本 含义，即借助已有的知识经验，通过思维进行分析综合，把握材料各部分的特点和内在的逻辑联系，使之纳入已有的知识结构，以便保持在记忆中。
关于理解的实质，各派心理学家持有不同见解。
格式塔学派认为，理解是”原始智慧的成就”的表现，不承认经验在理解中的作用，因而把理解归结为”顿悟”即突然贯通。
巴甫洛夫学派认为，学习就是形成暂时联系，暂时联系就是联想，就是获得有关事物关系的知识。当进行新的学习时，利用已有知识和已获得的诸联系领悟新事物，这就是理解。
认知学派认为，个体在认识过程中，把新事物同化于已有认知结构，或是改组扩大原有的认知结构，把新事物包括进去，这样的心理活动就叫理解。
凡是理解了的知识，就能记得迅速、全面而牢固。不然，若是死记硬背，那真是费力不讨好。
理解学习方法的运用步骤是：
一、了解大意当您记忆某个事物的时候，首先要弄清它的大致内容。拿读书来说，先要通读或者浏览一遍，如果是记忆音乐，先要完整地听一遍全曲。了解了全貌才能对局部进行深刻的理解，这也就是“综合”。
二、局部分析对事物有了大致了解后，就要逐步深入分析。比如对一篇论文，要弄清它的论点论据，根据结构分成若干段落，逐个找出主要意思，也就是要找出“信息点”，加以认真分析、思考，以达到能编制文章纲要的程度。
三、寻找关键也就是韩愈在他的《进学解》中所说的“提要钩玄”。找到文章的要点、关键和难点，并弄明白，牢牢记住。只有在此基础上，才能理解和记住其比较次要或者从属的内容。正是“万山磅礴，必有主峰；龙衮九章，但挈一领”。
四、融会贯通就是将所理解和记住的各种局部内容，联系起来反复思考，全面理解。这样更有利于加深记忆。
五、实践运用所学的东西，是否真正理解了，还要看在实践中能否运用。如果应用到实际工作中就“卡壳”，那就说明并未真正理解。真正的理解是有具体标准的。一是能够用语言和文字解释，一是会实际运用。在实际运用过程中，会继续深化理解。
Wednesday, May 22, 2013
how to make a good PPT presentation
In my opinions, a good PPT presentation should include following key points.
1. Every slide should have one informative title.
2. The background introduction should be enough. You need think about your audiences, who have
not too much knowledge about your research. You should prepare it carefully with figures, tables, and sentences.
3. The pictures should be beautiful, accurate and easy understanding, and the font size should be large enough.
4. The references should be added.
5. Use short sentences.
6. Keep moving your body from time to time.
7. Show your passion and enthusiasm.
8. Speak aloudly.
9. Make eye contact.
10. Ask a question during the presentation.
11. Vary your voice infrequently .
12. Begin by letting your audience know that you are happy to present.
13. When possible, relate your topic to other fields.
14. Restrict each slide to a small number of lines.
15. Use key words and phrases on the slides instead of entire sentences.
16. Avoid filling slides with equations and formulas.
Overall, have considerations for your audience. If they are happy, then you do not have any trouble.
1. Every slide should have one informative title.
2. The background introduction should be enough. You need think about your audiences, who have
not too much knowledge about your research. You should prepare it carefully with figures, tables, and sentences.
3. The pictures should be beautiful, accurate and easy understanding, and the font size should be large enough.
4. The references should be added.
5. Use short sentences.
6. Keep moving your body from time to time.
7. Show your passion and enthusiasm.
8. Speak aloudly.
9. Make eye contact.
10. Ask a question during the presentation.
11. Vary your voice infrequently .
12. Begin by letting your audience know that you are happy to present.
13. When possible, relate your topic to other fields.
14. Restrict each slide to a small number of lines.
15. Use key words and phrases on the slides instead of entire sentences.
16. Avoid filling slides with equations and formulas.
Overall, have considerations for your audience. If they are happy, then you do not have any trouble.
Tuesday, May 21, 2013
how to systematically improve your paper writing
As a non-native English speaker and writer, I always have following concerns:
Will an American write like this?
Can other peoples understand what I want to say?
How do other peoples describe what I observed in the experiment or calculations?
Here I point out that I do not want to be regarded as a native English speaker when Americans read my papers. What I want is to avoid awkward sentences and bad usages of some words.
Before I present my opinions, one thing I want to emphasize is the criteria of good English writing.
All similar things can be distinguished as bad, good, super bad, super good, medium, etc. Now let's have some agreement about what is good English writing.
First thing, or the most important thing is nothing to do with English. You SHOULD KNOW what you want to say? That means you should know what you want to say and why you want to say. Only after that, it is about English writing.
So the rule 1:
A good English paper should have a strong purpose, or a center idea. All the words should serve for the idea.
Rule 2.
A good English writing should be compact. Simplicity and easiness to understanding or no misunderstanding should be remembered. Keep your sentences short. Long sentences are boring. Short sentences keep your readers interested. Short sentences promote clarity.
Rule 3.
A good scientific paper should be professional, which means that your audiences are your peers and you should use the professional words of physics, mathematics, chemistry, economy, etc, all the time in your paper.
Rule 4.
If possible, always use active verbs, not passive verbs. For instance, "we bought bread" is better than "Bread was bought".
Rule 5.
Abolish Index words such as this, that, these, etc.
Rule 6.
Rephrase your sentences if you do not feel right. Change the way you said and see if it is better.
Rule 7.
Avoiding clutter in the paper. If possible, consider to combine two sentences.
Rule 8.
Be careful about the usage of subordinate clauses. If possible, eliminate it.
Rule 9.
Avoid dead sentences, like 'it can be ' or 'it is well known'.
Rule 10.
Revision if possible. I know it is boring. But if you can revise for 5 times after finishing writing, you will have a much better version.
Will an American write like this?
Can other peoples understand what I want to say?
How do other peoples describe what I observed in the experiment or calculations?
Here I point out that I do not want to be regarded as a native English speaker when Americans read my papers. What I want is to avoid awkward sentences and bad usages of some words.
Before I present my opinions, one thing I want to emphasize is the criteria of good English writing.
All similar things can be distinguished as bad, good, super bad, super good, medium, etc. Now let's have some agreement about what is good English writing.
First thing, or the most important thing is nothing to do with English. You SHOULD KNOW what you want to say? That means you should know what you want to say and why you want to say. Only after that, it is about English writing.
So the rule 1:
A good English paper should have a strong purpose, or a center idea. All the words should serve for the idea.
Rule 2.
A good English writing should be compact. Simplicity and easiness to understanding or no misunderstanding should be remembered. Keep your sentences short. Long sentences are boring. Short sentences keep your readers interested. Short sentences promote clarity.
Rule 3.
A good scientific paper should be professional, which means that your audiences are your peers and you should use the professional words of physics, mathematics, chemistry, economy, etc, all the time in your paper.
Rule 4.
If possible, always use active verbs, not passive verbs. For instance, "we bought bread" is better than "Bread was bought".
Rule 5.
Abolish Index words such as this, that, these, etc.
Rule 6.
Rephrase your sentences if you do not feel right. Change the way you said and see if it is better.
Rule 7.
Avoiding clutter in the paper. If possible, consider to combine two sentences.
Rule 8.
Be careful about the usage of subordinate clauses. If possible, eliminate it.
Rule 9.
Avoid dead sentences, like 'it can be ' or 'it is well known'.
Rule 10.
Revision if possible. I know it is boring. But if you can revise for 5 times after finishing writing, you will have a much better version.
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